Statistical Geology Lecture Notes

Statistics and Statistical Geology

Statistics:

Science of exploring, analyzing and summarizing data

The  output  of  many  natural  systems  exhibits  apparent  randomness, which  is  usually  caused  by  extreme  sensitivity  to  initial  conditions. Initial  conditions  and  physical  laws  of  such  systems  cannot  be inferred from the output.

Measurements  are  a  finite  sample  of  the  output  (all possible realisations of the system).

Statistical models may be used to describe such measurements in the absence of a physical model. 

Geological modeling software :

Designed by statisticians who know little about geology

Applied by geologists / engineers who know little about statistics

Many things can and will go wrong !

Statistics is a very powerful geological modeling tool, but only when it is firmly supported by geological knowledge

"...when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind..." Lord

Kelvin”

 To download the full course, Please check the link below

The lectures are in PPT format

http://www.mediafire.com/download/pm554rzplhz/statistical+geology+lec4.ppt 

http://www.mediafire.com/download/ynm1owyjiit/statistical+geology+course1.ppt

Statistics and Probability Lecture Notes

Probability and Random Variables

Random Experiment
 It is an experiment, which we know at advance all its possible outcome, but we can’t predict which of these outcomes will occur when the experiment takes place

Def: The Sample Space
The set of all out comes of a Random Experiment.

Def: The Event
Any subset of the sample space.

 Types of Events: Sure [Certain] Event (S) : The event, which must occur.

Impossible Event (φ ): The event, which never occurs.Simple event : The event which, consists of one element only.

Matually exclusive events : 2 events, the occurrence of one prevents the occurrence of the other.


To download the full lecture check the link below
http://www.mediafire.com/download/2jgzz42zamo/statistics.doc

Oil and Gas Exploration Lecture Notes

Oil and Gas Exploration 

Firstly, Petroleum is a Latin term form two words "Petra which means rock and Oleum which means oil", it's sometimes called the Black Gold, highly flammable liquid with high density with black, green or brown color.

Its Flammability properties comes from the collection of many flammable liquids in its composition.


Scientists differed in the origin of oil, some of them see that the non-organic compounds represent the carbon origin, While the others see that its origin comes from the organic matter in the organisms.

The process of petroleum migration is divided into two main types:
• primary migration within the low-permeability
source rocks
• secondary migration in permeable carrier
beds and reservoir rocks.

It is now recognized that fractured source rocks can also act as carrier beds and reservoir rocks so more modern definitions are:

Primary migration of oil and gas is movement within the fine-grained portion of the mature
source rock.

Secondary migration is any movement in carrier rocks or reservoir rocks outside the
source rock or movement through fractures within the source rock.

Tertiary migration is movement of a previously formed oil and gas accumulation.

Primary oil migration within a fine-grained mature source rock with > 2% total organic
carbon (TOC) occurs initially as a bitumen that decomposes to oil and gas and migrates as a
hydrocarbon (HC) phase or phases.

The process of HC generation causes expulsion of petroleum and is often a more
potent mechanism for migration than mechanical compaction.

Generation and expulsion of light oil, condensate and gas can come from low (<2%) TOC source rocks without a bitumen intermediate. Type III kerogens are the most likely source. The migrating phase is HC.

To download the lecture check the link below
http://www.4shared.com/get/wzL4FWgg/oil__gas_exploration_by_kaspar.html

Radiobiology Lecture notes

Radiobiology Lecture notes 

Radiobiology is the branch of biology concerned with:

The effects of radiation on living organisms. 

The study of biological processes using radioactive substances as tracers

There are two main points we should put into consideration to understand radiobiology:-

The first is the categories of the many variables of radiobiology, these include the following

(1)-Physical variables: e.g. 

type of radiation

Energy

LET

Dose

dose rate

fractionation (partial vs whole body; acute vs chronic).

(2)-Chemical variables: e.g. 

O2

H2O content

Nature of molecule 

Radioprotectors

Radiosensitizers 

pH and 

Competing 

(3) Biological variables: 

Cell type

degree of differentiation,

likelihood of division,

rate of proliferation,

cell cycle stage,

repair (cellular, molecular),

inherent radiosensitivity,

tissue,

Age & sex.

To download all lectures check the link below 

enjoy :)

http://www.4shared.com/rar/33PNkXQhba/Radiobiology_Lectures.html?

Solar Physics Lecture Notes

Solar Physics Lecture Notes

This is an introduction from the first lecture
The sun spins around its rotational axis from west to east
when viewed from above the North Pole.
- Different parts of the sun rotate at different rates and are known as
differential rotation
- Because the earth orbits the sun we observe a rotation period that is
about 2 days longer than the true value. The synodic rotation period
of the visible solar equator as observed
from earth is about 27.6 days while the equatorial photosphere is
intrinsically spinning above the sun axis once every 25.67days
- it is known from sun spots observation that the photosphere rotates
faster at the equator than it does at higher latitudes it reaches 33.4
days at 75 degrees latitude north or south.
- These rotation period can be converted into velocities by dividing
the circumference at the latitude by its period.

The lectures are in PDF format files
http://www.4shared.com/get/BXpDBJc1/solar_physics_L311.html

Vertebrate Physiology Lecture notes

Vertebrate Physiology Lecture notes

The lectures include Peripheral vs. Central Control in vertebrates, Major Motor Areas Including Primary Motor Cortex, Parkinson’s Disease, Huntington’s Disease, Histochemistry Iliofibularis muscle

The lectures supported by figures and explanations and given in PDF format

http://www.4shared.com/rar/IgOU9QCKba/Vertebrate_Physiology_-Muscle_.html?

Organic Chemistry Lecture Notes (Nomenclature Course)

Organic Chemistry Lecture Notes (Nomenclature Course)

The lectures include Introduction to Organic Chemistry and how to draw organic structure, also include the naming of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, amines, esters, and organic acids

The course in word files supported by many examples

http://www.4shared.com/zip/Qc3h8mDn/Organic_Chemistry_Nomenclature.html?