Oil and Gas Exploration
Firstly, Petroleum is a Latin term form two words "Petra which means rock and Oleum which means oil", it's sometimes called the Black Gold, highly flammable liquid with high density with black, green or brown color.
Its Flammability properties comes from the collection of many flammable liquids in its composition.
Scientists differed in the origin of oil, some of them see that the non-organic compounds represent the carbon origin, While the others see that its origin comes from the organic matter in the organisms.
The process of petroleum migration is divided into two main types:
• primary migration within the low-permeability
source rocks
• secondary migration in permeable carrier
beds and reservoir rocks.
It is now recognized that fractured source rocks can also act as carrier beds and reservoir rocks so more modern definitions are:
Primary migration of oil and gas is movement within the fine-grained portion of the mature
source rock.
Secondary migration is any movement in carrier rocks or reservoir rocks outside the
source rock or movement through fractures within the source rock.
Tertiary migration is movement of a previously formed oil and gas accumulation.
Primary oil migration within a fine-grained mature source rock with > 2% total organic
carbon (TOC) occurs initially as a bitumen that decomposes to oil and gas and migrates as a
hydrocarbon (HC) phase or phases.
The process of HC generation causes expulsion of petroleum and is often a more
potent mechanism for migration than mechanical compaction.
Generation and expulsion of light oil, condensate and gas can come from low (<2%) TOC source rocks without a bitumen intermediate. Type III kerogens are the most likely source. The migrating phase is HC.
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